diff --git a/VERSION b/VERSION
index 2d66d3d..2d4ead4 100644
--- a/VERSION
+++ b/VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-0.2408.12322
+0.2408.12356
diff --git a/src/ArrayIterator.php b/src/ArrayIterator.php
index 3416d68..6f4870d 100644
--- a/src/ArrayIterator.php
+++ b/src/ArrayIterator.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 // ArrayIterator.php
 // Created: 2022-02-03
-// Updated: 2023-11-09
+// Updated: 2024-08-01
 
 namespace Index;
 
@@ -11,15 +11,14 @@ use Iterator;
  * Provides an Iterator implementation for normal arrays.
  */
 class ArrayIterator implements Iterator {
-    private array $array;
     private bool $wasValid = true;
 
     /**
      * @param array $array Array to iterate upon.
      */
-    public function __construct(array $array) {
-        $this->array = $array;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private array $array
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Returns the current element.
diff --git a/src/CSRFP.php b/src/CSRFP.php
index f624af3..f387bd6 100644
--- a/src/CSRFP.php
+++ b/src/CSRFP.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 // CSRFP.php
 // Created: 2021-06-11
-// Updated: 2024-07-31
+// Updated: 2024-08-01
 
 namespace Index;
 
@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@ class CSRFP {
     private const NONCE_LENGTH = 8;
     private const HASH_LENGTH = 32;
 
-    private string $secretKey;
-    private string $identity;
-    private int $tolerance;
-
     /**
      * Creates a new CSRFP instance.
      *
@@ -32,14 +28,10 @@ class CSRFP {
      * @return CSRFP New CSRFP instance.
      */
     public function __construct(
-        string $secretKey,
-        string $identity,
-        int $tolerance = self::TOLERANCE
-    ) {
-        $this->secretKey = $secretKey;
-        $this->identity = $identity;
-        $this->tolerance = $tolerance;
-    }
+        private string $secretKey,
+        private string $identity,
+        private int $tolerance = self::TOLERANCE
+    ) {}
 
     private static function time(int $time = -1): int {
         return ($time < 0 ? time() : $time) - self::EPOCH;
diff --git a/src/Colour/ColourHSL.php b/src/Colour/ColourHSL.php
index b3f5bdf..365231f 100644
--- a/src/Colour/ColourHSL.php
+++ b/src/Colour/ColourHSL.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 // ColourHSL.php
 // Created: 2023-01-02
-// Updated: 2023-11-09
+// Updated: 2024-08-01
 
 namespace Index\Colour;
 
@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@ namespace Index\Colour;
  * Represents a colour using Hue, Saturation and Lightness.
  */
 class ColourHSL extends Colour {
-    private float $hue;
-    private float $saturation;
-    private float $lightness;
-    private float $alpha;
-
     private int $red;
     private int $green;
     private int $blue;
@@ -24,11 +19,15 @@ class ColourHSL extends Colour {
      * @param float $lightness Lightness property.
      * @param float $alpha Alpha property.
      */
-    public function __construct(float $hue, float $saturation, float $lightness, float $alpha = 1.0) {
-        $this->hue = $hue;
-        $this->saturation = max(0.0, min(1.0, $saturation));
-        $this->lightness = max(0.0, min(1.0, $lightness));
-        $this->alpha = max(0.0, min(1.0, $alpha));
+    public function __construct(
+        private float $hue,
+        private float $saturation,
+        private float $lightness,
+        private float $alpha = 1.0
+    ) {
+        $saturation = max(0.0, min(1.0, $saturation));
+        $lightness = max(0.0, min(1.0, $lightness));
+        $alpha = max(0.0, min(1.0, $alpha));
 
         $c = (1 - abs(2 * $lightness - 1)) * $saturation;
         $x = $c * (1 - abs(fmod($hue / 60, 2) - 1));
diff --git a/src/Colour/ColourNamed.php b/src/Colour/ColourNamed.php
index 8efc124..521a830 100644
--- a/src/Colour/ColourNamed.php
+++ b/src/Colour/ColourNamed.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 // ColourNamed.php
 // Created: 2023-01-02
-// Updated: 2023-11-09
+// Updated: 2024-08-01
 
 namespace Index\Colour;
 
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ namespace Index\Colour;
  * Represents a named CSS colour.
  */
 class ColourNamed extends Colour {
-    private string $name;
     private int $red = 0;
     private int $green = 0;
     private int $blue = 0;
@@ -18,8 +17,10 @@ class ColourNamed extends Colour {
     /**
      * @param string $name CSS colour name.
      */
-    public function __construct(string $name) {
-        $this->name = strtolower($name);
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $name
+    ) {
+        $name = strtolower($name);
 
         $raw = self::COLOURS[$name] ?? -1;
         $this->transparent = $raw === -1;
diff --git a/src/Colour/ColourRGB.php b/src/Colour/ColourRGB.php
index b7ef7fe..c480cac 100644
--- a/src/Colour/ColourRGB.php
+++ b/src/Colour/ColourRGB.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 // ColourRGB.php
 // Created: 2023-01-02
-// Updated: 2023-11-09
+// Updated: 2024-08-01
 
 namespace Index\Colour;
 
@@ -9,22 +9,22 @@ namespace Index\Colour;
  * Represents an RGB colour.
  */
 class ColourRGB extends Colour {
-    private int $red;
-    private int $green;
-    private int $blue;
-    private float $alpha;
-
     /**
      * @param int $red Red property.
      * @param int $green Green property.
      * @param int $blue Blue property.
      * @param float $alpha Alpha property.
      */
-    public function __construct(int $red, int $green, int $blue, float $alpha = 1.0) {
-        $this->red = max(0, min(255, $red));
-        $this->green = max(0, min(255, $green));
-        $this->blue = max(0, min(255, $blue));
-        $this->alpha = max(0.0, min(1.0, $alpha));
+    public function __construct(
+        private int $red,
+        private int $green,
+        private int $blue,
+        private float $alpha = 1.0
+    ) {
+        $red = max(0, min(255, $red));
+        $green = max(0, min(255, $green));
+        $blue = max(0, min(255, $blue));
+        $alpha = max(0.0, min(1.0, $alpha));
     }
 
     public function getRed(): int {
diff --git a/src/Data/DbStatementCache.php b/src/Data/DbStatementCache.php
index 26527da..173190d 100644
--- a/src/Data/DbStatementCache.php
+++ b/src/Data/DbStatementCache.php
@@ -9,15 +9,14 @@ namespace Index\Data;
  * Container to avoid having many prepared instances of the same query.
  */
 class DbStatementCache {
-    private IDbConnection $dbConn;
     private array $stmts = [];
 
     /**
      * @param IDbConnection $dbConn Connection to use with this cache.
      */
-    public function __construct(IDbConnection $dbConn) {
-        $this->dbConn = $dbConn;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private IDbConnection $dbConn
+    ) {}
 
     private static function hash(string $query): string {
         return hash('xxh3', $query, true);
diff --git a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBCharacterSetInfo.php b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBCharacterSetInfo.php
index 73709b3..369e4f3 100644
--- a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBCharacterSetInfo.php
+++ b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBCharacterSetInfo.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 // MariaDBCharacterSetInfo.php
 // Created: 2021-05-02
-// Updated: 2022-02-02
+// Updated: 2024-08-01
 
 namespace Index\Data\MariaDB;
 
@@ -13,17 +13,15 @@ use stdClass;
  * @see https://www.php.net/manual/en/mysqli.get-charset
  */
 class MariaDBCharacterSetInfo {
-    private stdClass $charSet;
-
     /**
      * Creates a new character set info instance.
      *
      * @param stdClass $charSet Anonymous object containing the information.
      * @return MariaDBCharacterSetInfo Character set information class.
      */
-    public function __construct(stdClass $charSet) {
-        $this->charSet = $charSet;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private stdClass $charSet
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Returns the name of the current character set.
diff --git a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBConnectionInfo.php b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBConnectionInfo.php
index 75edd6c..2b0e00b 100644
--- a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBConnectionInfo.php
+++ b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBConnectionInfo.php
@@ -13,20 +13,6 @@ use Index\Net\{EndPoint,DnsEndPoint,IPAddress,IPEndPoint,UnixEndPoint};
  * Describes a MariaDB or MySQL connection.
  */
 class MariaDBConnectionInfo implements IDbConnectionInfo {
-    private EndPoint $endPoint;
-    private string $userName;
-    private string $password;
-    private string $dbName;
-    private ?string $charSet;
-    private ?string $initCommand;
-    private ?string $keyPath;
-    private ?string $certPath;
-    private ?string $certAuthPath;
-    private ?string $trustedCertsPath;
-    private ?string $cipherAlgos;
-    private bool $verifyCert;
-    private bool $useCompression;
-
     /**
      * Creates an instance of MariaDBConnectionInfo.
      *
@@ -46,37 +32,39 @@ class MariaDBConnectionInfo implements IDbConnectionInfo {
      * @return MariaDBConnectionInfo A connection info instance representing the given information.
      */
     public function __construct(
-        EndPoint $endPoint,
-        string $userName,
-        string $password,
-        string $dbName,
-        string|null $charSet,
-        string|null $initCommand,
-        string|null $keyPath,
-        string|null $certPath,
-        string|null $certAuthPath,
-        string|null $trustedCertsPath,
-        string|null $cipherAlgos,
-        bool $verifyCert,
-        bool $useCompression
+        private EndPoint $endPoint,
+        private string $userName,
+        private string $password,
+        private string $dbName,
+        private string|null $charSet,
+        private string|null $initCommand,
+        private string|null $keyPath,
+        private string|null $certPath,
+        private string|null $certAuthPath,
+        private string|null $trustedCertsPath,
+        private string|null $cipherAlgos,
+        private bool $verifyCert,
+        private bool $useCompression
     ) {
         if(!($endPoint instanceof IPEndPoint)
             && !($endPoint instanceof DnsEndPoint)
             && !($endPoint instanceof UnixEndPoint))
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('$endPoint must be of type IPEndPoint, DnsEndPoint or UnixEndPoint.');
-        $this->endPoint         = $endPoint;
-        $this->userName         = $userName;
-        $this->password         = $password;
-        $this->dbName           = $dbName;
-        $this->charSet          = empty($charSet)          ? null : $charSet;
-        $this->initCommand      = empty($initCommand)      ? null : $initCommand;
-        $this->keyPath          = empty($keyPath)          ? null : $keyPath;
-        $this->certPath         = empty($certPath)         ? null : $certPath;
-        $this->certAuthPath     = empty($certAuthPath)     ? null : $certAuthPath;
-        $this->trustedCertsPath = empty($trustedCertsPath) ? null : $trustedCertsPath;
-        $this->cipherAlgos      = empty($cipherAlgos)      ? null : $cipherAlgos;
-        $this->verifyCert       = $verifyCert;
-        $this->useCompression   = $useCompression;
+
+        if(empty($charSet))
+            $charSet = null;
+        if(empty($initCommand))
+            $initCommand = null;
+        if(empty($keyPath))
+            $keyPath = null;
+        if(empty($certPath))
+            $certPath = null;
+        if(empty($certAuthPath))
+            $certAuthPath = null;
+        if(empty($trustedCertsPath))
+            $trustedCertsPath = null;
+        if(empty($cipherAlgos))
+            $cipherAlgos = null;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBParameter.php b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBParameter.php
index 32f769c..3d2abaf 100644
--- a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBParameter.php
+++ b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBParameter.php
@@ -11,10 +11,6 @@ use Index\Data\{DbTools,DbType};
  * Represents a bound parameter.
  */
 class MariaDBParameter {
-    private int $ordinal;
-    private int $type;
-    private mixed $value;
-
     /**
      * Create a new MariaDBParameter.
      *
@@ -23,14 +19,15 @@ class MariaDBParameter {
      * @param mixed $value Value to bind.
      * @return MariaDBParameter A new parameter instance.
      */
-    public function __construct(int $ordinal, int $type, mixed $value) {
-        $this->ordinal = $ordinal;
-
+    public function __construct(
+        private int $ordinal,
+        private int $type,
+        private mixed $value
+    ) {
         if($type == DbType::AUTO)
             $type = DbTools::detectType($value);
-
-        $this->type = $type;
-        $this->value = $type === DbType::NULL ? null : $value;
+        if($type === DbType::NULL)
+            $value = null;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBResult.php b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBResult.php
index 5fe8ed8..99abc9f 100644
--- a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBResult.php
+++ b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBResult.php
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use Index\IO\{Stream,TempFileStream};
 abstract class MariaDBResult implements IDbResult {
     use DbResultTrait;
 
-    protected mysqli_stmt|mysqli_result $result;
     protected array $currentRow = [];
 
     /**
@@ -26,9 +25,9 @@ abstract class MariaDBResult implements IDbResult {
      * @param mysqli_stmt|mysqli_result $result A result to work with.
      * @return MariaDBResult A result instance.
      */
-    public function __construct(mysqli_stmt|mysqli_result $result) {
-        $this->result = $result;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        protected mysqli_stmt|mysqli_result $result
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Gets the number of available rows in this result.
diff --git a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBStatement.php b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBStatement.php
index 5fd5881..7499b1c 100644
--- a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBStatement.php
+++ b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBStatement.php
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ use Index\IO\Stream;
  * Represents a MariaDB/MySQL prepared statement.
  */
 class MariaDBStatement implements IDbStatement {
-    private mysqli_stmt $statement;
     private array $params = [];
 
     /**
@@ -24,9 +23,9 @@ class MariaDBStatement implements IDbStatement {
      * @param mysqli_stmt $statement Underlying statement object.
      * @return MariaDBStatement A new statement instance.
      */
-    public function __construct(mysqli_stmt $statement) {
-        $this->statement = $statement;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private mysqli_stmt $statement
+    ) {}
 
     private static bool $constructed = false;
     private static string $resultImplementation;
diff --git a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBWarning.php b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBWarning.php
index 0d273a8..a7def43 100644
--- a/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBWarning.php
+++ b/src/Data/MariaDB/MariaDBWarning.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 // MariaDBWarning.php
 // Created: 2021-05-02
-// Updated: 2022-02-27
+// Updated: 2024-08-01
 
 namespace Index\Data\MariaDB;
 
@@ -13,10 +13,6 @@ use Index\XArray;
  * Represents a MariaDB/MySQL warning.
  */
 class MariaDBWarning implements Stringable {
-    private string $message;
-    private string $sqlState;
-    private int $code;
-
     /**
      * Creates a new MariaDBWarning object.
      *
@@ -25,11 +21,11 @@ class MariaDBWarning implements Stringable {
      * @param int $code Error code of the warning.
      * @return MariaDBWarning A new warning instance.
      */
-    public function __construct(string $message, string $sqlState, int $code) {
-        $this->message = $message;
-        $this->sqlState = $sqlState;
-        $this->code = $code;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $message,
+        private string $sqlState,
+        private int $code
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Gets the warning message string.
diff --git a/src/Data/Migration/FsDbMigrationInfo.php b/src/Data/Migration/FsDbMigrationInfo.php
index c8799e4..70219e0 100644
--- a/src/Data/Migration/FsDbMigrationInfo.php
+++ b/src/Data/Migration/FsDbMigrationInfo.php
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ namespace Index\Data\Migration;
 use Index\Data\IDbConnection;
 
 class FsDbMigrationInfo implements IDbMigrationInfo {
-    private string $path;
     private string $name;
     private string $className;
 
     /**
      * @param string $path Filesystem path to the migration file.
      */
-    public function __construct(string $path) {
-        $this->path = $path;
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $path
+    ) {
         $this->name = $name = pathinfo($path, PATHINFO_FILENAME);
 
         $dateTime = substr($name, 0, 17);
diff --git a/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteConnectionInfo.php b/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteConnectionInfo.php
index f4edb50..72cf4bc 100644
--- a/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteConnectionInfo.php
+++ b/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteConnectionInfo.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 // SQLiteConnectionInfo.php
 // Created: 2021-05-02
-// Updated: 2022-02-28
+// Updated: 2024-08-01
 
 namespace Index\Data\SQLite;
 
@@ -11,11 +11,6 @@ use Index\Data\IDbConnectionInfo;
  * Represents information about a SQLite Client.
  */
 class SQLiteConnectionInfo implements IDbConnectionInfo {
-    private string $fileName;
-    private bool $readOnly;
-    private bool $create;
-    private string $encryptionKey;
-
     /**
      * Creates a new SQLiteConnectionInfo instance.
      *
@@ -26,16 +21,11 @@ class SQLiteConnectionInfo implements IDbConnectionInfo {
      * @return SQLiteConnectionInfo Information to create an SQLite database client.
      */
     public function __construct(
-        string $fileName,
-        string $encryptionKey,
-        bool $readOnly,
-        bool $create
-    ) {
-        $this->fileName = $fileName;
-        $this->encryptionKey = $encryptionKey;
-        $this->readOnly = $readOnly;
-        $this->create = $create;
-    }
+        private string $fileName,
+        private string $encryptionKey,
+        private bool $readOnly,
+        private bool $create
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Gets the path of the SQLite database.
diff --git a/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteResult.php b/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteResult.php
index 6d2da0f..315764a 100644
--- a/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteResult.php
+++ b/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteResult.php
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ use Index\IO\{Stream,TempFileStream};
 class SQLiteResult implements IDbResult {
     use DbResultTrait;
 
-    private SQLite3Result $result;
     private array $currentRow = [];
 
     /**
@@ -25,9 +24,9 @@ class SQLiteResult implements IDbResult {
      * @param SQLite3Result $result Raw underlying result class.
      * @return SQLiteResult A new SQLiteResult instance.
      */
-    public function __construct(SQLite3Result $result) {
-        $this->result = $result;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private SQLite3Result $result
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Gets the number of columns per row in the result.
diff --git a/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteStatement.php b/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteStatement.php
index 42028e3..2fae29c 100644
--- a/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteStatement.php
+++ b/src/Data/SQLite/SQLiteStatement.php
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ use Index\IO\Stream;
  * Represents a prepared SQLite SQL statement.
  */
 class SQLiteStatement implements IDbStatement {
-    private SQLiteConnection $connection;
-    private SQLite3Stmt $statement;
     private ?SQLite3Result $result = null;
 
     /**
@@ -27,10 +25,10 @@ class SQLiteStatement implements IDbStatement {
      * @param SQLite3Stmt $statement The raw statement instance.
      * @return SQLiteStatement A new statement instance.
      */
-    public function __construct(SQLiteConnection $connection, SQLite3Stmt $statement) {
-        $this->connection = $connection;
-        $this->statement = $statement;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private SQLiteConnection $connection,
+        private SQLite3Stmt $statement
+    ) {}
 
     public function getParameterCount(): int {
         return $this->statement->paramCount();
diff --git a/src/Http/Content/BencodedContent.php b/src/Http/Content/BencodedContent.php
index 8ed56e4..d4eee23 100644
--- a/src/Http/Content/BencodedContent.php
+++ b/src/Http/Content/BencodedContent.php
@@ -12,14 +12,12 @@ use Index\IO\{Stream,FileStream};
  * Represents Bencoded body content for a HTTP message.
  */
 class BencodedContent implements IHttpContent, IBencodeSerialisable {
-    private mixed $content;
-
     /**
      * @param mixed $content Content to be bencoded.
      */
-    public function __construct(mixed $content) {
-        $this->content = $content;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private mixed $content
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Retrieves unencoded content.
diff --git a/src/Http/Content/FormContent.php b/src/Http/Content/FormContent.php
index b9d715e..ce8e906 100644
--- a/src/Http/Content/FormContent.php
+++ b/src/Http/Content/FormContent.php
@@ -12,17 +12,14 @@ use Index\Http\HttpUploadedFile;
  * Represents form body content for a HTTP message.
  */
 class FormContent implements IHttpContent {
-    private array $postFields;
-    private array $uploadedFiles;
-
     /**
      * @param array<string, mixed> $postFields Form fields.
      * @param array<string, HttpUploadedFile> $uploadedFiles Uploaded files.
      */
-    public function __construct(array $postFields, array $uploadedFiles) {
-        $this->postFields = $postFields;
-        $this->uploadedFiles = $uploadedFiles;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private array $postFields,
+        private array $uploadedFiles
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Retrieves a form field with filtering.
diff --git a/src/Http/Content/JsonContent.php b/src/Http/Content/JsonContent.php
index dbe5931..6e0db07 100644
--- a/src/Http/Content/JsonContent.php
+++ b/src/Http/Content/JsonContent.php
@@ -12,14 +12,12 @@ use Index\IO\{Stream,FileStream};
  * Represents JSON body content for a HTTP message.
  */
 class JsonContent implements IHttpContent, JsonSerializable {
-    private mixed $content;
-
     /**
      * @param mixed $content Content to be JSON encoded.
      */
-    public function __construct(mixed $content) {
-        $this->content = $content;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private mixed $content
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Retrieves unencoded content.
diff --git a/src/Http/Content/StreamContent.php b/src/Http/Content/StreamContent.php
index ee65821..d410969 100644
--- a/src/Http/Content/StreamContent.php
+++ b/src/Http/Content/StreamContent.php
@@ -11,14 +11,12 @@ use Index\IO\{Stream,FileStream};
  * Represents Stream body content for a HTTP message.
  */
 class StreamContent implements IHttpContent {
-    private Stream $stream;
-
     /**
      * @param Stream $stream Stream that represents this message body.
      */
-    public function __construct(Stream $stream) {
-        $this->stream = $stream;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private Stream $stream
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Retrieves the underlying stream.
diff --git a/src/Http/Content/StringContent.php b/src/Http/Content/StringContent.php
index a95bcbe..24cba80 100644
--- a/src/Http/Content/StringContent.php
+++ b/src/Http/Content/StringContent.php
@@ -11,14 +11,12 @@ use Stringable;
  * Represents string body content for a HTTP message.
  */
 class StringContent implements IHttpContent {
-    private string $string;
-
     /**
      * @param string $string String that represents this message body.
      */
-    public function __construct(string $string) {
-        $this->string = $string;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $string
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Retrieves the underlying string.
diff --git a/src/Http/HttpHeader.php b/src/Http/HttpHeader.php
index 5cef3ca..74357a4 100644
--- a/src/Http/HttpHeader.php
+++ b/src/Http/HttpHeader.php
@@ -11,15 +11,16 @@ use Stringable;
  * Represents a generic HTTP header.
  */
 class HttpHeader implements Stringable {
-    private string $name;
     private array $lines;
 
     /**
      * @param string $name Name of the header.
      * @param string ...$lines Lines of the header.
      */
-    public function __construct(string $name, string ...$lines) {
-        $this->name = $name;
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $name,
+        string ...$lines
+    ) {
         $this->lines = $lines;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/Http/HttpHeaders.php b/src/Http/HttpHeaders.php
index e45d1cc..0962db0 100644
--- a/src/Http/HttpHeaders.php
+++ b/src/Http/HttpHeaders.php
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ use RuntimeException;
  * Represents a collection of HTTP headers.
  */
 class HttpHeaders {
-    private array $headers;
-
     /**
      * @param HttpHeader[] $headers HTTP header instances.
      */
-    public function __construct(array $headers) {
+    public function __construct(
+        private array $headers
+    ) {
         $real = [];
 
         foreach($headers as $header)
diff --git a/src/Http/HttpMessage.php b/src/Http/HttpMessage.php
index 7e67564..b129a4b 100644
--- a/src/Http/HttpMessage.php
+++ b/src/Http/HttpMessage.php
@@ -13,20 +13,16 @@ use Index\Http\Content\{IHttpContent,BencodedContent,FormContent,JsonContent,Str
  * Represents a base HTTP message.
  */
 abstract class HttpMessage {
-    private string $version;
-    private HttpHeaders $headers;
-    private ?IHttpContent $content;
-
     /**
      * @param string $version HTTP message version.
      * @param HttpHeaders $headers HTTP message headers.
      * @param ?IHttpContent $content Body contents.
      */
-    public function __construct(string $version, HttpHeaders $headers, ?IHttpContent $content) {
-        $this->version = $version;
-        $this->headers = $headers;
-        $this->content = $content;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $version,
+        private HttpHeaders $headers,
+        private ?IHttpContent $content
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Retrieves the HTTP version of this message.
diff --git a/src/Http/HttpRequest.php b/src/Http/HttpRequest.php
index f2a256a..4c1633a 100644
--- a/src/Http/HttpRequest.php
+++ b/src/Http/HttpRequest.php
@@ -14,11 +14,6 @@ use Index\Http\Content\{IHttpContent,JsonContent,StreamContent,FormContent};
  * Represents a HTTP request message.
  */
 class HttpRequest extends HttpMessage {
-    private string $method;
-    private string $path;
-    private array $params;
-    private array $cookies;
-
     /**
      * @param string $version HTTP message version.
      * @param string $method HTTP request method.
@@ -30,18 +25,13 @@ class HttpRequest extends HttpMessage {
      */
     public function __construct(
         string $version,
-        string $method,
-        string $path,
-        array $params,
-        array $cookies,
+        private string $method,
+        private string $path,
+        private array $params,
+        private array $cookies,
         HttpHeaders $headers,
         ?IHttpContent $content
     ) {
-        $this->method = $method;
-        $this->path = $path;
-        $this->params = $params;
-        $this->cookies = $cookies;
-
         parent::__construct($version, $headers, $content);
     }
 
@@ -93,7 +83,7 @@ class HttpRequest extends HttpMessage {
     public function getParam(string $name, int $filter = FILTER_DEFAULT, array|int $options = 0): mixed {
         if(!isset($this->params[$name]))
             return null;
-        return filter_var($this->params[$name] ?? null, $filter, $options);
+        return filter_var($this->params[$name], $filter, $options);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -126,7 +116,7 @@ class HttpRequest extends HttpMessage {
     public function getCookie(string $name, int $filter = FILTER_DEFAULT, array|int $options = 0): mixed {
         if(!isset($this->cookies[$name]))
             return null;
-        return filter_var($this->cookies[$name] ?? null, $filter, $options);
+        return filter_var($this->cookies[$name], $filter, $options);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Http/HttpResponse.php b/src/Http/HttpResponse.php
index c078468..aa0e569 100644
--- a/src/Http/HttpResponse.php
+++ b/src/Http/HttpResponse.php
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ use Index\Http\Content\IHttpContent;
  * Represents a HTTP response message.
  */
 class HttpResponse extends HttpMessage {
-    private int $statusCode;
-    private string $statusText;
-
     /**
      * @param string $version HTTP message version.
      * @param int $statusCode HTTP response status code.
@@ -23,14 +20,11 @@ class HttpResponse extends HttpMessage {
      */
     public function __construct(
         string $version,
-        int $statusCode,
-        string $statusText,
+        private int $statusCode,
+        private string $statusText,
         HttpHeaders $headers,
         ?IHttpContent $content
     ) {
-        $this->statusCode = $statusCode;
-        $this->statusText = $statusText;
-
         parent::__construct($version, $headers, $content);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/Http/HttpUploadedFile.php b/src/Http/HttpUploadedFile.php
index 0bec5db..4a7b367 100644
--- a/src/Http/HttpUploadedFile.php
+++ b/src/Http/HttpUploadedFile.php
@@ -14,11 +14,6 @@ use Index\IO\{Stream,FileStream};
  * Represents an uploaded file in a multipart/form-data request.
  */
 class HttpUploadedFile implements ICloseable {
-    private int $errorCode;
-    private int $size;
-    private string $localFileName;
-    private string $suggestedFileName;
-    private MediaType $suggestedMediaType;
     private bool $hasMoved = false;
     private ?Stream $stream = null;
 
@@ -30,20 +25,14 @@ class HttpUploadedFile implements ICloseable {
      * @param MediaType|string $suggestedMediaType Mediatype included by the client.
      */
     public function __construct(
-        int $errorCode,
-        int $size,
-        string $localFileName,
-        string $suggestedFileName,
-        MediaType|string $suggestedMediaType
+        private int $errorCode,
+        private int $size,
+        private string $localFileName,
+        private string $suggestedFileName,
+        private MediaType|string $suggestedMediaType
     ) {
         if(!($suggestedMediaType instanceof MediaType))
             $suggestedMediaType = MediaType::parse($suggestedMediaType);
-
-        $this->errorCode = $errorCode;
-        $this->size = $size;
-        $this->localFileName = $localFileName;
-        $this->suggestedFileName = $suggestedFileName;
-        $this->suggestedMediaType = $suggestedMediaType;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Http/Routing/HandlerAttribute.php b/src/Http/Routing/HandlerAttribute.php
index d7f758c..194ce09 100644
--- a/src/Http/Routing/HandlerAttribute.php
+++ b/src/Http/Routing/HandlerAttribute.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 // HandlerAttribute.php
 // Created: 2024-03-28
-// Updated: 2024-03-28
+// Updated: 2024-08-01
 
 namespace Index\Http\Routing;
 
@@ -12,7 +12,12 @@ use ReflectionObject;
  * Provides base for attributes that mark methods in a class as handlers.
  */
 abstract class HandlerAttribute {
-    public function __construct(private string $path) {}
+    /**
+     * @param string $path Target path.
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $path
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Returns the target path.
diff --git a/src/Http/Routing/HttpRoute.php b/src/Http/Routing/HttpRoute.php
index 4f845ed..7506e1d 100644
--- a/src/Http/Routing/HttpRoute.php
+++ b/src/Http/Routing/HttpRoute.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 // HttpRoute.php
 // Created: 2024-03-28
-// Updated: 2024-03-28
+// Updated: 2024-08-01
 
 namespace Index\Http\Routing;
 
@@ -12,15 +12,15 @@ use Attribute;
  */
 #[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_METHOD | Attribute::IS_REPEATABLE)]
 class HttpRoute extends HandlerAttribute {
-    private string $method;
-
     /**
      * @param string $method
      * @param string $path
      */
-    public function __construct(string $method, string $path) {
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $method,
+        string $path
+    ) {
         parent::__construct($path);
-        $this->method = $method;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Http/Routing/HttpRouter.php b/src/Http/Routing/HttpRouter.php
index a831411..834eda5 100644
--- a/src/Http/Routing/HttpRouter.php
+++ b/src/Http/Routing/HttpRouter.php
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ class HttpRouter implements IRouter {
 
     private array $contentHandlers = [];
 
-    private string $defaultCharSet;
-
     private IErrorHandler $errorHandler;
 
     /**
@@ -32,11 +30,10 @@ class HttpRouter implements IRouter {
      * @param bool $registerDefaultContentHandlers true to register default content handlers for JSON, Bencode, etc.
      */
     public function __construct(
-        string $charSet = '',
+        private string $charSet = '',
         IErrorHandler|string $errorHandler = 'html',
         bool $registerDefaultContentHandlers = true,
     ) {
-        $this->defaultCharSet = $charSet;
         $this->setErrorHandler($errorHandler);
 
         if($registerDefaultContentHandlers)
@@ -49,9 +46,9 @@ class HttpRouter implements IRouter {
      * @return string Normalised character set name.
      */
     public function getCharSet(): string {
-        if($this->defaultCharSet === '')
+        if($this->charSet === '')
             return strtolower(mb_preferred_mime_name(mb_internal_encoding()));
-        return $this->defaultCharSet;
+        return $this->charSet;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Http/Routing/ScopedRouter.php b/src/Http/Routing/ScopedRouter.php
index 96aa166..b3ca5b6 100644
--- a/src/Http/Routing/ScopedRouter.php
+++ b/src/Http/Routing/ScopedRouter.php
@@ -11,20 +11,18 @@ namespace Index\Http\Routing;
 class ScopedRouter implements IRouter {
     use RouterTrait;
 
-    private IRouter $router;
-    private string $prefix;
-
     /**
      * @param IRouter $router Underlying router.
      * @param string $prefix Base path to use as a prefix.
      */
-    public function __construct(IRouter $router, string $prefix) {
+    public function __construct(
+        private IRouter $router,
+        private string $prefix
+    ) {
         if($router instanceof ScopedRouter)
             $router = $router->getParentRouter();
-        $this->router = $router;
 
-        // todo: cleanup
-        $this->prefix = $prefix;
+        // TODO: cleanup prefix
     }
 
     private function getParentRouter(): IRouter {
diff --git a/src/IO/FileStream.php b/src/IO/FileStream.php
index a543684..02a0964 100644
--- a/src/IO/FileStream.php
+++ b/src/IO/FileStream.php
@@ -110,17 +110,17 @@ class FileStream extends GenericStream {
      */
     public const LOCK_NON_BLOCKING = LOCK_NB;
 
-    private int $lock;
-
     /**
      * @param string $path Path to the file.
      * @param string $mode Stream mode to use to open the file.
      * @param int $lock Locking method to use.
      * @throws RuntimeException If the file could not be opened.
      */
-    public function __construct(string $path, string $mode, int $lock) {
-        $this->lock = $lock;
-
+    public function __construct(
+        string $path,
+        string $mode,
+        private int $lock
+    ) {
         try {
             $stream = fopen($path, $mode);
         } catch(ErrorException $ex) {
diff --git a/src/IO/GenericStream.php b/src/IO/GenericStream.php
index c37bcd7..6368d92 100644
--- a/src/IO/GenericStream.php
+++ b/src/IO/GenericStream.php
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ class GenericStream extends Stream {
         'x+', 'x+b', 'c',  'cb',  'c+', 'c+b',
     ];
 
-    protected $stream; // resource
+    // resource
+    // can't seem to turn this one into a constructor property thing?
+    protected $stream;
 
     private bool $canRead;
     private bool $canWrite;
diff --git a/src/MediaType.php b/src/MediaType.php
index b04aaa5..e9c752f 100644
--- a/src/MediaType.php
+++ b/src/MediaType.php
@@ -12,17 +12,12 @@ use Stringable;
  * Implements a structure for representing and comparing media/mime types.
  */
 class MediaType implements Stringable, IComparable, IEquatable {
-    private string $category = '';
-    private string $kind = '';
-    private string $suffix = '';
-    private array $params = [];
-
-    public function __construct(string $category, string $kind, string $suffix, array $params) {
-        $this->category = $category;
-        $this->kind = $kind;
-        $this->suffix = $suffix;
-        $this->params = $params;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $category,
+        private string $kind,
+        private string $suffix,
+        private array $params
+    ) {}
 
     public function getCategory(): string {
         return $this->category;
diff --git a/src/Net/DnsEndPoint.php b/src/Net/DnsEndPoint.php
index 781e338..c544c0a 100644
--- a/src/Net/DnsEndPoint.php
+++ b/src/Net/DnsEndPoint.php
@@ -11,19 +11,17 @@ use InvalidArgumentException;
  * A DNS end point.
  */
 class DnsEndPoint extends EndPoint {
-    private string $host;
-    private int $port;
-
     /**
      * @param string $host DNS host name.
      * @param int $port Network port, 0 to leave default.
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException If $port is less than 0 or greater than 65535.
      */
-    public function __construct(string $host, int $port) {
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $host,
+        private int $port
+    ) {
         if($port < 0 || $port > 0xFFFF)
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('$port is not a valid port number.');
-        $this->host = $host;
-        $this->port = $port;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Net/IPAddress.php b/src/Net/IPAddress.php
index 69df3df..fc554c5 100644
--- a/src/Net/IPAddress.php
+++ b/src/Net/IPAddress.php
@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ final class IPAddress implements JsonSerializable, Stringable, IEquatable {
      */
     public const V6 = 6;
 
-    private string $raw;
     private int $width;
 
     /**
      * @param string $raw Raw IP address data.
      */
-    public function __construct(string $raw) {
-        $this->raw = $raw;
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $raw
+    ) {
         $this->width = strlen($raw);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/Net/IPAddressRange.php b/src/Net/IPAddressRange.php
index 83b948b..04b2b33 100644
--- a/src/Net/IPAddressRange.php
+++ b/src/Net/IPAddressRange.php
@@ -14,17 +14,14 @@ use Index\IEquatable;
  * Represents a CIDR range of IP addresses.
  */
 final class IPAddressRange implements JsonSerializable, Stringable, IEquatable {
-    private IPAddress $base;
-    private int $mask;
-
     /**
      * @param IPAddress $base Base IP address.
      * @param int $mask CIDR mask.
      */
-    public function __construct(IPAddress $base, int $mask) {
-        $this->base = $base;
-        $this->mask = $mask;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private IPAddress $base,
+        private int $mask
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Retrieves the base IP address.
diff --git a/src/Net/IPEndPoint.php b/src/Net/IPEndPoint.php
index 504895c..04c5055 100644
--- a/src/Net/IPEndPoint.php
+++ b/src/Net/IPEndPoint.php
@@ -12,19 +12,17 @@ use Index\XString;
  * Represents an IP address end point.
  */
 class IPEndPoint extends EndPoint {
-    private IPAddress $address;
-    private int $port;
-
     /**
      * @param IPAddress $address IP address.
      * @param int $port Network port, 0 to leave default.
      * @throws InvalidArgumentException If $port is less than 0 or greater than 65535.
      */
-    public function __construct(IPAddress $address, int $port) {
+    public function __construct(
+        private IPAddress $address,
+        private int $port
+    ) {
         if($port < 0 || $port > 0xFFFF)
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('$port is not a valid port number.');
-        $this->address = $address;
-        $this->port = $port;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/Net/UnixEndPoint.php b/src/Net/UnixEndPoint.php
index b9ab7b6..463e701 100644
--- a/src/Net/UnixEndPoint.php
+++ b/src/Net/UnixEndPoint.php
@@ -9,14 +9,12 @@ namespace Index\Net;
  * Represents a UNIX socket path end point.
  */
 class UnixEndPoint extends EndPoint {
-    private string $path;
-
     /**
      * @param string $socketPath Path to the socket file.
      */
-    public function __construct(string $socketPath) {
-        $this->path = $socketPath;
-    }
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $socketPath
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Gets path to the socket file.
@@ -24,20 +22,20 @@ class UnixEndPoint extends EndPoint {
      * @return string Path to the socket file.
      */
     public function getPath(): string {
-        return $this->path;
+        return $this->socketPath;
     }
 
     public function __serialize(): array {
-        return [$this->path];
+        return [$this->socketPath];
     }
 
     public function __unserialize(array $serialized): void {
-        $this->path = $serialized[0];
+        $this->socketPath = $serialized[0];
     }
 
     public function equals(mixed $other): bool {
         return $other instanceof UnixEndPoint
-            && $this->path === $other->path;
+            && $this->socketPath === $other->socketPath;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -56,6 +54,6 @@ class UnixEndPoint extends EndPoint {
     }
 
     public function __toString(): string {
-        return $this->path;
+        return $this->socketPath;
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Performance/TimingPoint.php b/src/Performance/TimingPoint.php
index f6acdeb..8a97854 100644
--- a/src/Performance/TimingPoint.php
+++ b/src/Performance/TimingPoint.php
@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@ namespace Index\Performance;
  * Represents a timing point.
  */
 class TimingPoint {
-    private int $timePoint;
-    private int $duration;
-    private string $name;
-    private string $comment;
-
     /**
      * @param int $timePoint Starting tick count.
      * @param int $duration Duration ticks count.
@@ -21,16 +16,11 @@ class TimingPoint {
      * @param string $comment Timing point comment.
      */
     public function __construct(
-        int $timePoint,
-        int $duration,
-        string $name,
-        string $comment
-    ) {
-        $this->timePoint = $timePoint;
-        $this->duration = $duration;
-        $this->name = $name;
-        $this->comment = $comment;
-    }
+        private int $timePoint,
+        private int $duration,
+        private string $name,
+        private string $comment
+    ) {}
 
     /**
      * Gets the starting ticks count.